The Effects Of Media On Children And Young People

December 14, 2012- 20-year old Adam Lanza fatally shoots 20 children and 6 adult staff members of Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut, later shooting himself, making this incident the deadliest mass shooting at a high school or grade school in U.S. history. It may seem ridiculous to think that this was derived from video games. The Daily News reported that Lanza had many video games in his house promoting mass murder, school shootings, and gun violence, which police believed helped to inspire Lanza’s, â€Å"sick, game-style high score†. The release of this evidence contributed to a continuing debate on the extent of the effects of media on children and young people. Many children are exposed to media continually, even though young ages are times of fragile development and strong receptibility. The Center of Media and Human Development records that youth from as little as two months to eight years of age spend an average of five hours watching televisi on or online videos, and 69 percent of families with young children under eight years old have a smartphone, with 38 percent of children under two used a mobile device for media, states . This raises the question, does media desensitize and negatively affect adolescents? Desensitization is defined as the diminished emotional responsiveness to a negative, or aversive stimulus after repeated exposure to it. Media lessens emotional responsiveness and harms adolescents because of suggestive themes, graphically violentShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Media On Young Children1742 Words   |  7 Pages Observational Learning the Young Child Luciana D. Lavilaire Florida International University Prof. Marie Daurel - P. 1 Abstract This paper intends to bring awareness to the harmful effects of the media on young children. Through this paper, I will investigate the claim that television promotes observational learning. I will describe the obscenities the media exposes to children. With that, I will explain how the media causes aggression in consumers, especially those of youth. ThisRead MoreMedia And Education On Children s Media1240 Words   |  5 PagesMedia and Education Parents can help to guide their children s media experience by offering the educational media programs as well as the non-electronic formats such as newspapers, books, board games, and watching television with them. Additionally, by putting the questionable contents into context and teaching kids about advertising can be greatly contributed to their media literacy. However, there is a strong relationship between media and education, so parents need to set their children’s limitsRead MoreBad Influence of Mass Media on Kids1499 Words   |  6 Pagesfewer hours with their children. As a result, outside influences have greater access and influence over our children than ever before. The internet and the media are bringing the outside world into your home; your childs peers; the influences on children from movies and the music they listen to are growing in importance and influence every day, the negative effects of television violence to children, negative effects marijuana, cigarettesRead MoreThe Effects Of Media Violence On Families809 Words   |  4 PagesJai Patel Mrs. Caldwell CP English 9 March 2017 How Media Violence is Affecting Families Often times parents overlook the fact of watching television as a subtle act without any true consequences. Children watch â€Å"TV†. However watching media over time takes a toll on the young mind. Many young children view television and other forms of media on a daily basis. With how society defines entertainment nowadays, there is bound to be negative and violent content on every child’s new smart â€Å"TV†. InRead MoreMedia Violenca and Its Effects1668 Words   |  7 PagesMedia Violence It’s Effects The lives of our youth are being ruined because of the violence in today’s media. This is the view held by many people in our society today. Many psychologists believe that violence on television, movies and other forms of media have a negative effect on children, while others believe media violence has no effect on children. The reality is that children tend to emulate the behavior that they see in the media they are exposed too. The media can have a powerful influenceRead MoreA Society Of Family Life992 Words   |  4 Pagesand the impact of new media, discovering the effects it has on young people and children in family homes. Chamber’s also addresses aspects such as race, ethnic identity and gender comparing individual values to cultural customs of today’s society and the diversity of family life. This paper will mainly review post-divorce outcomes involving financial and social criteria controlling divorce in different societies, the influential responses formed by children and young people and raising tensions betweenRead MoreFor years there’s been a contended debate on whether or not violence in the media harms children.800 Words   |  4 PagesFor years there’s been a contended debate on whether or not violence in the media harms children. On television, thousands of murders are being broadcasted to children who are in Elementary School, they are witnesses to hundreds of thousands acts of murder and general violence. In Media Now, ethics come to play and discussions regarding the question who is truly responsible for media effects comes into play? Watching too much violent TV and playing too many violent video games takes a toll on childrensRead MoreHow Social Media Improved Communication? Essay876 Words   |  4 PagesThe social media is one of the most common ways of communication and pretty much of knowing anything and everything around the world these days, and it is growing very rapidly. It changes and affec ts each person in a different way, or ways. Some may argue that social media has a bad influence on children and young adults, and that it negatively effects their brains, character, or personalities, while most people see that the social media has a more positive effect on them than a negative one. MoreoverRead MoreTechnology, Helpful Or Hurtful? Essay1585 Words   |  7 PagesTechnology, Helpful or Hurtful? What Can We Do to Help? In today’s society, everyone has a technological device such as a cell phone, tablet or computer. If you walk down the street, you will most likely be greeted by people looking down on their phones rather than paying attention to the world around them. There has been an increase in phone companies trying to prevent texting and driving for a reason. Everyone is attached to their phones. A person cannot simply be out of touch any more now thatRead MoreExamining the Effects of Popular Children’s Media on Young Girls’ Body Image1285 Words   |  6 PagesExamining the effects of popular children’s Media on young girls’ body image Sharon Hayes and Stacey Tantleff-Dunn University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA A study was done to explore the effects of short exposure to appearance-related media on young girls’ body image. Some writings/studies has suggested that girls at the age of 6 and older are experiencing problems with their body, or body dissatisfaction (Dohnt amp; Tiggemann, 2005). Some researchers are even saying that girls

Hamlet Diagnosis In Hamlet - 890 Words

Hamlet Diagnosis Rubric Requirement Points earned/possible Comments Introduction Paragraph 1 -Writer includes an introduction paragraph that gives some brief background about the general story of Hamlet -Introduction includes a thesis statement in which a clear claim is made about a character with a diagnosis of a mental health disorder. /6 Background paragraph 2 Writer discusses and describes symptoms and statistics of mental health disorders that were researched before a diagnosis was made. /8 Supporting Evidence (symptom #1) Paragraph 3- Writer is able to prove through argument that the character suffers from the diagnosed disorder through specific text evidence cited within the text /10 Supporting Evidence (symptom #2)†¦show more content†¦After discovering his father’s murderer, he plots to kill them to enact revenge. Hamlet could be diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder because he is hostile, narcissistic, and lacks respect for other people. There are many mental disorders that affect the characters in Hamlet, but three main disorders could be applied to Hamlet himself. The first possible disorder is Antisocial Personality Disorder, which is a personality disorder that classifies sufferers as psychopaths and sociopaths. People who suffer from Antisocial Personality Disorder tend to lie and break laws. They are impulsive, and tend to lack regard for the safety of themselves and others. They may also lack guilt over their actions. The second possible disorder is Autism, which is a learning disorder that also adds a difficulty communicating. People who suffer from Autism have an intense interest in a limited number of things or problem paying attention, are unaware of other people’s emotions, compulsive, and have inappropriate social interactions. The final disorder is Borderline Personality Disorder, which is the best fitting diagnosis of all the other disorders. Borderline Personality Disorder is categorized by unstable moods, behaviors and relationships. People who suffer from Borderline Personality Disorder are antisocial, compulsive, hostile, irritable, risk-takers, lack of respect, lonely, and narcissistic. Sufferers of BorderlineShow MoreRelatedEssay On Mental Disarray Of Hamlet886 Words   |  4 PagesThe Widely Unnoticed Mental Disarray of Hamlet The Tragedy of Hamlet which is often shortened to Hamlet tells an interesting but yet peculiar story about a kingdom in the late middle ages. The story opens up with Hamlets father getting murdered while hamlet was still at a young age. He later goes on to figure out from his fathers ghost that he was murdered and asks him to avenge him. Hamlet decides that he must avenge his father by killing his uncle, the one who murdered his father in the firstRead MoreBipolar Disorder in Hamlet896 Words   |  4 PagesSara Koziol Ms. Samsa AP Literature and Composition 9 May 2016 Bipolar Disorder in Hamlet There are several reasons why one would suspect Prince Hamlet to have bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder has five classifications, including: bipolar I, bipolar II, rapid cycling, mixed bipolar, and cyclothymia. It causes mood swings, severe depression, extreme feelings, and/or confusion. Hamlet, said to be about twenty years old, has been through so much more than the typical twenty year old has. InRead MoreKing Claudius And Narcissistic Personality Disorder In Shakespeares Hamlet1066 Words   |  5 Pages The Tragedy of Hamlet is a famous work written by Shakespeare in the late 14th century. Within the story, there are many characters who appear to be very â€Å"off†. Hamlet seemingly goes insane, The King is on a power trip, Ophelia goes insane and potentially kills herself, and the Queen remarries almost immediately. These are not behaviors normal humans show, and so I will be diagnosing King Claudius with Narcissistic Personality Disorder. King Claudius could have potentially been diagnosed withRead MoreThroughout The Duration And Both Plays, Hamlet And Othello,1162 Words   |  5 Pagesand both plays, Hamlet and Othello, the theme of revenge presides over the plot heavily. From the sin of Claudius killing Hamlet senior to Othello giving Cassio the title of lieutenant both ignite fierce opposition with the thought of retribution. Though there is opposition to those two decisions, nothing follows with any order or morality. Instead of serving proper justice to Claudius or disagreeing with Othello’s decision, the two men are brought to utter catastrophe. As Hamlet and Iago lead theirRead MoreHamlet and the Impact on the Audience Essay1238 Words   |  5 PagesHamlet Essay Many of the plays written by Shakespeare in his time were performed to influence his audience and provoke thought and debate the social, cultural and economic events that were taking place at that time. Shakespeare’s Hamlet, in particular, was a reflection of the events happening during the Elizabethan era. In this essay, the focus is mainly on Act IV scene IV and the speech of Hamlet and the essay focuses on answering the question of the effect Hamlet had on the audienceRead MoreEssay on Hamlet -- Is Hamlet Sane782 Words   |  4 PagesHamlet Essay: Is Hamlet Sane With the coming of Freudian theory in the first half of this century and the subsequent emergence of psychoanalytically-oriented literary criticism in the 1960s, the question of Hamlets underlying sanity has become a major issue in the interpretation of Hamlet. While related concern with the Princes inability to take action had already directed scholarly attention toward the uncertainty of Hamlets mental state, modern psychological views of the play have challengedRead MoreInsane Characters In Edgar Allan Poe And The Shining By Stephen King1569 Words   |  7 Pagescomes from ghosts or being isolated from the world in a eerie hotel. In Shakespeares Hamlet, Hamlet appears to be insane; however, many scholars have debate the idea of the young prince’s insanity. In Shakespeares play Hamlet appears to be psychotic, depressed, and even inconsistent in his behaviors. In Hamlet, Hamlet is coping with several catastrophes that have happened to his family; however, when Hamlet meets a ghost that claims to be his late father, the story takes an exciting turn. AfterRead More The Many Faces of Hamlet Essay1597 Words   |  7 PagesThe Many Faces of Hamlet         Ã‚  Ã‚  Of all the characters in the play, Hamlet by William Shakespeare, the character of Hamlet is without a doubt the most complex. His emotions are never stable, his feelings are constantly changing, and his behavior is confusing and inconsistent. Hamlet is described as a half a dozen characters rolled into one (Shaw 344) and with as many adjectives in one sentence as cruel, angry, tender, depressed, clownish, manic, and filled with loathing for women, humanityRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Hamlet By William Shakespeare2269 Words   |  10 Pagesof Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, otherwise known as the DSM-5. In The Tragedy of Hamlet, a play written by William Shakespeare during the early 17th century, a young Danish prince of the same name demonstrates abnormal deviations from typical human behavior. By drawing from specific scenes of the play and specific diagnoses from the DSM-5, it is revealed that Hamlet shows symptoms of Bipolar 1 disorder. Hamlet shows symptoms of excessive involvement in activities that are likely to have undesirableRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet - The Characterization Of Young Ophelia1681 Words   |  7 Pagesthe case for hundreds of years. This idea is well demonstrated in William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, through the characterization of young Ophelia. As Shakespeare tells the dramatic story of Hamlet’s incestuous and corrupt family, Ophelia seems to often be cast aside and forgotten. She is subjected to much emotional abuse as she undergoes sexualization, harassment and manipulation at the hands not only her love Hamlet, but from her own father, Polonius. It is these injustices and her dependence on the men

Celebrity culture has a negative impact on teenagers free essay sample

Is it normal that seventy percent of the celebrities, male or female end up taking drugs or becoming alcoholic? Is our society like that? During the last twenty years many celebrities become stupidly rich, and don’t really know what to do with the money or how to manage those tremendous quantities. The necessity to spend it or waste it becomes more accentuated, and drugs may be a quick â€Å"solution† of wasting their money. But in most cases, they? re lives. Teenagers usually copy celebrity’s actions and looks they sometimes have them as role models. This can have two possible impacts on teenagers; negative or positive. When the star is a clear-minded, rational and healthy person, teenagers could make use of those blessings and maybe they want to emulate them so they can become great people. However, it doesn’t always end-up that way. Some famous people aren’t the most adequate role models someone can have. We will write a custom essay sample on Celebrity culture has a negative impact on teenagers or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Copying the wrong role model may have its consequences. Fashions and trends are often started by them and their extravagant ideas. Some people may argue that celebrities trail blaze new fashions and trends, which may give confidence and courage adolescents to stand out. However, the current fashion is for taking drugs, crash diets†¦For example, Paris Hilton became a fashion icon as she always wore pink and carried a small-scale chiguagua everywhere. Teens wanted to be just like her and it distracted girls on their studies as they only thought about wearing pink. Celebrities are said to inspire the world by giving advice about the errors and mistakes they did along the road. But is it really advice? Or just simple, meaningless and insignificant phrases which are systematically in our society. Famous quotes such as â€Å"As soon as you stop wanting something, you get it†-Andy Warhol may encourage to stop following their dreams and crashing their future objectives by just `stop wanting them? In my opinion, I think celebrity culture does has a negative effect on teenage life as a majority of them don’t show respect for the audience and admirers who appreciate their work and they don’t make a secret of alcohol or drug abuse and the glamorization of dying due to an overdose, or the culture of being walking skeletons which can alter teenager’s self image and might contribute to an eating disorder or low self-esteem.

Lilydale Where People Never Die free essay sample

Lily Dale: Where People Never Die Lily Dale always held an eerie fascination for me. Growing up my best friend Kim and I would listen to stories from her mom about Lily Dale. She would tell us how every summer the â€Å"gypsies† as she called them, would come and settle in this small community to tell peoples futures. Lily Dale was only about a forty five minute drive from my hometown in Pennsylvania. I remember the first time Kim’s mom told us we were going on an adventure. Her and my mom were going to take us up to Lily Dale, we would pack a lunch to eat by the lake on the grounds and explore the town. Kim and I had all these images and expectation in our mind mostly from the stories we heard. I remember leaving early in the morning and driving the scenic route along the southern shore of Lake Erie. We will write a custom essay sample on Lilydale Where People Never Die or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There were rolling hills with frequent vistas of the lake. The August morning was already warm enough to roll down the windows. Summer air accented with the smell of water from a mild on shore wind. Miles of grape farms stretching as far as the eye could see to the south. As we left Pennsylvania and entered New York, we had about 20 minute drive until we reached Lily Dale. We started envisioning what it was going to be like and started â€Å"creeping† each other out. I remember driving and seeing the big wrought iron sign first welcoming you to Lily Dale. It was surrounded by a big brick wall and a lot of moss that lent to the ethereal feeling of the place. The community is gated so we had to pay to enter the grounds. As you drive in, you feel like your back in time. The houses seemed dilapidated but had a Victorian style charm to them. There were square wooden signs attached to poles implanted in the front yards of many of the cottages. The signs, each uniquely decorated with the mediums name on it enticing you to come in for a reading. I remember very tall trees enveloping the whole place and feeling very unsettled inside. One place that stuck out in my mind was a clearing in woods with a huge tree stump. The stump was the focal point in the clearing also enshrined by huge trees, just like being under an umbrella. The sunlight diffused through the trees and danced on the ground adding to the mystical feeling of Lily Dale. Many park benches were arranged facing the stump, like pews in a church facing the alter. We gathered here with a large group of people, many believers but also a few skeptics, in hopes of a chance connection with a loved one who had passed over. The medium stood up on the stump and reverently bowed her head in prayer before she started her public readings. I remember her looking in our direction and my heart started racing, she came over and said, â€Å"Someone over here has a loved one that passed very suddenly recently†¦. † We knew she wasn’t referring to us, but the heightened anticipation we felt as she approached sent a shiver down our spine. This area referred to as inspiration stump, was and is considered hallowed ground and the energy vortex of the community. It is here where mediums come to commune with spirits. The memories of Lily Dale may be skewed by time but it still holds the same fascination for me. This quiet, quaint community in upstate New York is the oldest and largest spiritualist community in the United States. Spiritualism is a religious sect that believes that no one dies they just transition to a different level of spiritual awareness. Spiritualists believe they can communicate with the dead through mediums who are people with a higher level or sensitivity of consciousness. The town houses forty resident mediums seasonally and holds a variety of classes, workshops, healing services, and seminars with an array of guest speakers from around the world. How did this all begin? Who are the residents of this community and why do they return each season? Why do people flock from all over the country to visit time and time again? What kind of people visit Lily Dale? In an online interview, Joyce LaJudice, historian in Lily Dale shared the beginnings of Modern Spiritualism in the United States. Spiritualism started in 1848, when two sisters Maggie and Kate Fox realized they could communicate with a spirit that was haunting their house. There had been random rappings on doors, windows, floors and ceilings at all hours of the day and night. Exacerbated, Kate the youngest of the two, called out, â€Å"Do as I do! † She knocked twice the spirit knocked twice. These rappings continued back and forth and eventually they developed a code between the spirit and themselves. Through this code, they ascertained the spirits name as Charles Rosna. He revealed to them through their communication that he, a peddler, had been murdered and buried in the basement of their house. Proving the existence of this spirit, they dug up his remains along with his peddler’s trunk. Word spread of this phenomenon through a group of Quaker Christians seeking validation that there is an afterlife. The fox sisters became the first mediums and started holding seances to help people contact family members that passed. As time passed Modern Spiritualism spread throughout North America and Europe. The â€Å"learned† people and the free thinkers declared that â€Å"communication with spirit is not miraculous or supernatural they believed this proved the continuity of life that people do not die- bodies do (LaJudice). Michel Richard sociologist at the State University of New York (SUNY), along with colleague Albert Adato, researched the beginnings of spiritualism as well. They revealed in his article the many influential people that became staunch believers in spiritualism; Ben Franklin, Carl Jung, Elizabeth Browning, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Victor Hugo, James Fenimore Copper, William Lloyd Garrison, Thomas Edison, and even Abe Lincoln. In fact, stories are told of seances in the white house orchestrated by Mary Todd. There were even some big decisions such as the emancipation proclamation that were rumored to be medium influenced (Richard, Adato 186). Curiosity about Modern spiritualism and mediumship led Christine Wicker, investigative reporter for the Dallas Morning News, to write a revealing book about life in Lily Dale. Lily Dale began as a summer camp for spiritual enlightenment back in 1870’s. It was a retreat for the free thinkers and spiritualist to expand their knowledge and open themselves to the energies of the spirit world. Today the population in Lily Dale consists of approximately 300 spiritualists of which 40 are mediums. In order to live in this closed community, you have to be registered with the Lily Dale Assembly. All mediums who want â€Å"to hang a shingle† and practice in Lily Dale must pass a test. â€Å"They are required to give three individual readings to three members of the Lily Dale board and then give one public reading to an audience made up of the entire board† (Wicker37). These readings have to be specific and accurate. Only then can they lease, own, and practice in this town. Although people swarm Lily Dale in the summer seeking guidance and knowledge from the resident mediums, the vast majority of Spiritualists who live here have no psychic abilities. Gabriel Gaydos did her Master’s thesis on the ordinary people of Lily Dale. They are the common residents who have taken a back seat to the notoriety that goes along with this town. These people are the â€Å"foundation that fully lives the belief that spirit is common and not extraordinary, a community committed to its founding ideals in the face of ongoing ridicule, misunderstanding and misplaced sensationalism by outsiders† (Gaydos 4). They are an integral part of the community in maintaining and keeping the town alive. These residents have Spiritualist ancestors of which many were mediums. This common thread of spirit is intermeshed throughout this community and reflects the current culture of today. The more notable members of Lily Dale are the colorful collection of mediums. Each with a distinctive presence and style which adds to the mystique of this quiet town. They are mostly women and all over fifty years of age. I wondered why there was such an imbalance in gender, further research satisfied my query. Todd Jay associate professor at the University of Hirosaki explains, â€Å"Spiritualism attracts women because it is a religion that offers women complete equality in all facets of the movement† (Leonard 12). In contrast, other religion’s hierarchy is predominately male. Most of the mediums in the dale are ordained ministers thus adding to their credibility. They also have their own ways of communicating with spirits. Some actually see the spirits, some hear, while others sense and feel their presence. Martie Hughes sees spirits only in â€Å"her mind’s eye† and she has no desire to see them any other way. She says, â€Å"It would scare the poop out of me. † I find this rather humorous, giving the basis of their belief. Mary Anne Spears a psychotherapist actually sees the dead relatives of her clients. Sherry Lee Calkins does spiritual drawings with a time line of events for her clients and claims her spirit guides have a hand in her drawings. (Wicker 82). Every medium has at least five spirit guides around them that protect and assist them in their life decisions. Leonard explains; Usually there is a Doctor- Teacher who maintains a presence on the person’s right side; a Master-Teacher-who is behind the person; a Chemist ( usuallyAsian or Middle- Eastern) who is on the person’s left side; a Native American or Indian protector who stands directly in front of the person; a joy guide(usually a child who moves around the person but generally stays around the person’s legs (Leonard 5). John Edward an internationally renowned psychic medium refers to his spirit guides as â€Å"The Boys† In his book, Crossing Over, he gives an account of how his spirit guides changed his life path. John worked in hospital administration and loved his job. He dabbled in mediumship but never would have thought of it as his life work. His guide’s vibrations and voices kept getting louder and pushed him to change his life course. They lead him to understand his calling was to help people connect the physical world to the spiritual world. They told him he would be a teacher and a noted figure in his field. He had no interest in celebrity, it was helping people that was paramount. John took a leap of faith and the next year he put â€Å"psychic medium† as his occupation on his tax returns (Edward 7). All mediums have a common belief that the gift they have is a form of healing. Their messages are to help people heal and move through their grief or troubles by connecting them with loved ones that have passed in hopes that it will give comfort or enlightenment to them.

Leadership Preferences in Japan an exploratory study

Introduction Japan is one of the most rapidly growing economies in the larger Asian continent. Many researchers have attempted to explore the various ways of life in this country including their institutional management, culture, and other diverse peculiar preferences. This report paper will offer a summary of the work conducted in finding out the most preferred leadership styles by Japanese followers in relation to the appropriateness of the Bass and Avolio’s full-range leadership model.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Leadership Preferences in Japan: an exploratory study specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It will discuss the purpose of the research, the research methodology used, the findings, the problems encountered and their practical implications, and finally the impact of the Bass and Avolio’s and House’s leadership theories. Objective The case study sought to explore the most preferred leadership styles by the Japanese followers. The appropriateness of the entire Bass and Avolio’s model of leadership was also investigated. The research provides a review of the existing literature concerning the various leadership styles and theories, and culture that can be considered to influence the preference of a given way of leadership, especially by the Japanese followers. The case study provides the nine scales of leadership extracted from Bass and Avolio’s full-range leadership model which most western researchers over the last two decades have considered it to have a universal influence. On the contrary, this case study explores the suitability of this model to the led people of Japan. Methods In order to come up with reliable findings and conclusion, the study mostly used a qualitative approach in the collection of data. Templates and numerous contents were also analysed. The data was collected in two phases: Phase 1 involved the use of semi-structured int erviews while questionnaires were used during the second Phase. Three research questions were used: What are the perceptions of Japanese followers regarding contemporary culture? What are the perceptions of Japanese followers towards Bass and Avolio’s full-range leadership model? Are there aspects of leadership not covered by Bass and Avolio’s full-range leadership model, which can be defined as culture-specific conceptualisations of Japanese leadership? This study involved 12 Japanese interviewees (five females and seven males), with an average age of 32.5. The respondents were Japanese employees and they identified themselves as followers under the supervision of Japanese leaders, and were drawn from several industries in Japan. The subjects were asked three general questions at random. The first one sought to know the respondent’s recognition of Japanese leadership; the second enquired the kind of leader that the interviewee would like to work with, and las tly, the subject’s perception of Japanese culture. The data collected constituted Phase 1 and were analysed by template.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Phase 2 of the study involved the use of questionnaires and composed of 57 Japanese respondents (38 males and 19 females with an average age of 33.1) who were drawn from a cross-section of Japanese industries. The questions were a further breakdown of the first three used in Phase 1 into 15 of them. Unlike in phase 1, Phase 2 was analysed by the content of the questionnaires. The language used in both phases was Japanese but the authors translated it into English. Results The interview results (Phase 1): According to the study, most of the interviewees, when asked about the trend of the Japanese culture, their responses implied that the Japanese culture and the management systems have been changing as a result of int ernationalisation, the impact of the bubble economy, and the financial crisis experienced in Asia. Furthermore, they identified a significant change from male chauvinism to gender equality, as reflected in the ever increasing number of female employees in virtually all Japanese places of work. However, two male interviewees suggested that male chauvinism, in their perception, still existed. Two of them suggested that collectivism was still part and parcel of Japanese culture while two interviewees indicated that there had been a significant change from collectivism to individualism. Moreover, two interviewees thought seniority was still part of Japanese work culture. In the contrary, five suggested that meritocracy was on the rise. On the other hand, eleven interviewees provided their responses concerning the Bass and Avolio’s full-range leadership styles. Firstly, despite the fact that idealized influence attributed is one of the five transformational leadership styles which are expected to be the most effective as far as enhancing performance is concerned, only two interviewees approved its use. Nine of them indicated negative attitude towards this style of leadership.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Leadership Preferences in Japan: an exploratory study specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Six interviewees were positive about the use of idealized influence behaviours style of leadership. The collective sense of mission and the keenness towards decision-making exhibited by such leaders was their core reason for liking the style. However, five of the interviewees expressed their dislike, emphasising that in business, what matters most is the â€Å"outcome.† Moreover, although it is one of the core transformational styles of leadership, the study had only five interviewees approving the use of inspirational motivation. Some of them suggested that any leader in Japan who talked op timistically about the future was no longer effective following the burst of Japan’s economy. Most of them explained that followers needed a leader who has a proper understanding of managing risk and contingency plans instead of a ‘hopeful’ leader. All the 11 interviewees approved a leader who exhibits the intellectual stimulation style. This was due to their belief that such a leader has the potential of solving the day to day problems and proposing strategies of handling future issues. Individualised consideration, on the other hand, was supported by seven interviewees. The interviewees who approved of such a style considered its effectiveness especially as companies increasingly focused on individual performance and competences. This follows the perceived growth of meritocracy in Japan. Those interviewees who were negative on this style of leadership suggested that group targets might not be achieved if the leader focuses on individual needs. Contingent reward , which is a transactional style of leadership, and supposed to be less effective compared to the five transformational styles of leadership in motivating the workers to optimum out put, was supported by 8 interviewees. They suggested that the use of rewards depending on performance to motivate employees was very effective in enhancing motivation. For the case of management-by-exception active, one interviewee claimed that it was not dispensable while the rest did not endorse it, either. They argued that such leaders cause tension in the work place and hence less motivation of followers. Similarly, management-by exception passive was not approved by any of the interviewees and they expressed their unilateral dislike of the laissez-faire leadership approach.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The third part of the study evaluated the Japanese leadership styles. The opinions of the interviewees on the actual styles of leadership in Japan included directive leadership, participative leadership, social activities outside work, and overtime-work. Two interviewees explained that their leaders embraced directive style of leadership where they give specific orders to be strictly followed, whereas three interviewees mentioned participative leadership. Two of them saw this type of leader as very accommodative and one claimed that the participative style can be problematic if the leader cannot make own decisions. Eight interviewees approved the need for social activities outside work. Seven explained that such activities provide the platform for followers to interact with their leaders and share openly. Furthermore, six interviewees mentioned overtime-work. Most of them thought that there was still overtime-work in most Japanese companies and that the length of the overtime-work d epends, to some degree, on the type of leader in charge. During the study, Protective, network, and gender equality leadership was mentioned by the interviewees. Four interviewees approved the protective leader who can stand up for them and defend them from the onslaught of senior mangers. On the other hand, three interviewees supported the network leadership and expected their leader to help them advance in their career-path by being influential. Furthermore, gender equality was mentioned by three subjects. Two of the interviewees saw it as appropriate for the then current state of affairs in Japan. Only one interviewee considered this idea as being superficial and a western ideology without any relevant Japanese adjustment. The questionnaire results (Phase 2) From the study, 30 respondents, representing 52.6 % felt that the Japanese culture had some convergence with the Western culture as a result of globalisation. 24 (42.1%) thought that internationalisation had not caused any co nvergence between Japanese and western culture, and a low 5.3% were not sure whether there was any convergence. In relation to Bass and Avolio’s full-range leadership model, 51 respondents provided useful information concerning the type of leader(s) whom they would prefer to work with or under. The responses were initially compared with the nine â€Å"assumed categories† from Bass and Avolio’s full-range leadership model. The content analysis method was used in the comparison. From the analyses, 51 % approved the individualised consideration while intellectual stimulation received seven positive comments. Contingent reward, on the other hand, had five respondents supporting it while management-by-exception active had two. Inspirational motivation, idealised influence behaviour, and idealised influence attributed each received one positive comment. Moreover, management-by-exception passive and laissez-faire were approved by none of the respondents. When asked to comment about their individual preferences towards Bass and Avolio’s full-range leadership style, according to the study, most of the respondents did not endorse many of the transformational styles of leadership. In fact, 34 respondents, representing 59.6 % of the respondents, were positive about contingent reward, which is a transactional style of leadership. As for the Japanese leadership styles, the study investigated both the actual and the preferred styles of leadership. 49 responses were considered useful for the research analysis. The participative leadership was the most mentioned followed by directive leadership. Authoritarian and protective leadership follow respectively. Next, there were the bargaining and laissez-faire, followed by supportive style. The ones that were least mentioned are punctual and egocentric leadership. Further findings reveal that Japanese followers believe that their leaders base their judgments more upon their own abilities, competences, and performances instead of gender differences or age. 68.4 % of the respondents approved the worth of overtime-work. Practical implications From the analysis of the findings of both the interviews and questionnaires, leaders who work in Japan would find this case study very useful. It helps them know the preferred styles of leadership within the Bass and Avolio’s full-range leadership model. The leaders will then adjust accordingly for better results. Implications for future research This case study concludes that it is important for researchers to carry out investigations which are culture-specific, for instance in Japan. The case study further notes that western theories should not be generalised under all contexts. The findings provide the link between traditional and modern leadership approaches. The challenge encountered in the study was the small representation of the Japanese people in the research. Future researches should involve more subjects to enhance the credibilit y of the findings. Conclusion This report has attempted to provide a summary of the research into the suitability of Bass and Avolio’s full-range leadership model to the Japanese context. It has highlighted major findings both from the interviews and questionnaires. The highly endorsed style of leadership was the contingent reward. Notably, this was found to contradict the earlier assumption by the Bass and Avolio’s full-range leadership model which is not comprehensive when it comes to leadership preferences by Japanese followers. This report on Leadership Preferences in Japan: an exploratory study was written and submitted by user D0ct0rSpectrum to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

the great gatby essays

the great gatby essays The Use of Symbolism in The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald ¡s novel The Great Gatsby is about a man named Gatsby and his struggle to attain the American Dream in 1920 ¡s Long Island. He fights to get his dream woman and to do so, he must first become rich. Unfortunately, he doesn ¡t really go about it the right way; he takes part in some illegal activities with some quite sinister characters, such as Meyer Wolfshiem. The corruption of Gatsby ¡s dream and his struggle to attain his dream are shown by F. Scott Fitzgerald through the use of symbolism, such as Gatsby ¡s car, the eyes of Doctor T.J. Eckleburg, and Gatsby stretching his arms out towards the green light across the bay. Gatsby has a car that is an important symbol in this novel. Gatsby ¡s car represents many problems in the society at that time. His car is very elaborate,  ¡It was a rich cream color, bright with nickel, swollen here and there in its monstrous length with triumphant hatboxes and supper-boxes and tool! -boxes, and terraced with a labyrinth of windshields that mirrored a dozen suns ¡(Fitzgerald 68). This symbolizes the irresponsibility of society and the differences between the old rich and the classlessness of the new rich. This is also the car that Gatsby buys to impress Daisy and that hits Myrtle Wilson, eventually leading to Gatsby ¡s death. Another symbol in this book is the large billboard with the eyes of Dr. T.J. Eckleburg on it: Above the gray land and the spasms of bleak dust which drift endlessly over it, you perceive, after a moment, the eyes of Doctor T.J. Eckleburg. The[y] ¡K are blue and gigantic- their retinas are one yard high. They look from no face but, instead from a pair of enormous yellow spectacles which pass over a nonexistent nose (Fitzgerald 27). That billboard represents the eyes of God looking out over the vast wasteland of moral corruption and dying hope. Some may even say that since the doctor had lo ...

Discussion of six thinking caps Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Discussion of six thinking caps - Essay Example The prognosis of Marianne could be derived from brain specialists and neuro-surgeons, close relatives and surrogates who are attending to her needs in the hospital or health care center wherein she is presently receiving treatment. There are only two options left in the case of Marianne: Firstly, either to undergo surgery and face its consequences, beneficial or favorable, or Secondly, allow things to remain status quo, i.e. doing nothing much to save her life, except perhaps, putting her on life support systems that could offer residual life support. However, there are inherent risks with regard to the second option. In this case, she might suddenly go into a comatose state and slip into unconsciousness, never to return to normalcy. Surgery could be a good option as it would prevent health concerns at a later stage but her advancing age and poor health are major barriers against surgery at this stage. Besides, the surgeons are quite apprehensive about the fact that even if a successive surgery is done on the patient to diffuse and resolve the clot, she may not be able to lead a normal life later. â€Å"However, with constructive advancement in medical technology it is possible for her â€Å"to benefit from the improvements in time and accuracy offered by the new imaging approach.† (Advances in medical imaging: Improving epilepsy surgery, 2010, para.4). Marianne would still require life support systems which are being presently used. This is perhaps the reason why her family members and close relatives are averse to the proposed surgery since there aren’t any major benefits in terms of amelioration of the patient’s health. In a major surgery consideration as in the case of Marianne, the informed consent of the patient is very much necessary. â€Å"To encourage voluntariness, the physician can make clear to the patient that he is